Logical fallacies are flawed arguments that are not always blatantly obvious. These fallacies are important to recognize because they are misleading and are frequently used especially in areas like politics as of late. There are tons of logical fallacies but here are a few of the more common ones you should be aware of:
Ad Hominem - Attacking the other party's character instead of their argument.
Red Herring - Introducing an irrelevant point in order to shift the argument. Redirecting an argument on to a different, but most likely related, point.
Straw Man - Distorting the other party's position into an extreme version and acting like it's their position.
Equivocation - Being intentionally confusing or unclear.
Ambiguity - Being intentionally ambiguous to misrepresent the truth.
Slippery Slope - Assuming that one action will lead to a chain of events with no real evidence that it will.
Hasty Generalization - Coming to a conclusion with little information.
Appeal to Authority - Using an authority to back one's claim when the authority doesn't have expertise in that area.
False Dilemma - Claiming only two (extreme) outcomes.
Bandwagon Fallacy - Using popularity as an indicator for something being good, right, or correct.
Appeal to Ignorance - Saying something has to be true because it hasn't been proven to be false.
Burden of Proof - Saying a claim has to be true unless the other party proves it false. This is different from the previous fallacy because it puts the responsibility of disproving a statement specifically on the other party rather than the cumulative data on the subject.
Circular Argument - An argument that tries to prove itself by using its conclusion as evidence.
Begging the Question - Assuming the truth of a conclusion without supporting the claim.
Sunk Cost Fallacy - Using already spent time, energy, or money as an argument to continue to do so.
Appeal to Pity - Trying to elicit pity from the other party or make the other party feel bad for them rather than addressing the argument.
Causal Fallacy (False Cause) - Claiming a causal relationship, one in which A always leads to B, that isn't proven. Correlation does not causation make.
Fallacy Fallacy - Assuming that because a fallacy has been made in an argument or that an argument has been poorly made means the claim of the argument is wrong.
Tu Quoquo - Answering the opposition's criticisms by criticizing them back.
Personal Incredulity - Judging that something being difficult to understand makes it less likely to be true.
Special Pleading - Creating new criteria in order for a claim to be proven false after the old criteria was proven false. Changing criteria for an argument to be false when disproven.
Loaded Question - Making an assumption and then asking a question presupposing that the assumption is already true.
Gambler's Fallacy - Assuming that an event is more or less likely to happen after another unrelated event or events occur. Falsely assuming statistics to random events.
Fallacy of Composition - Assuming that parts of something must have the same properties of the whole. For example saying that because a house is built of wood, everything in it has to be built from wood (such as the fireplace).
No True Scotsman (Appeal to Purity) - An argument that all people of a particular group have the same traits thus dismissing variations of people within that group.
Appeal to Nature - Saying that because something is "natural" it must therefore be good, right, ideal, justifiable, or inevitable. For example war or killing is natural but does that make it good or justifiable?
The Texas Sharpshooter - Cherry picking evidence to support a claim.
Middle Ground - Claiming that a compromise between two extremes must be true, right, or ideal.
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